How To Write a Business and Personal Letter in Spanish

Whether youre writing a letter to a Spanish-speaking friend or preparing a formal business letter, the greetings and salutations in this lesson can help give your letters credibility. Greetings to Use in Writing a Letter In English, it is common to begin both personal letters and business correspondence with Dear ___. In Spanish, however, there is more variation depending on how formal you want to be. In personal correspondence, the equivalent of dear is querido or querida (the past participle of querer), depending on the sex of the person. Querido is used for a male recipient, querida for a female; plural forms queridos and queridas can also be used. In Spanish, it is the rule to follow the greeting with a colon rather than the comma used in English. Use of a comma is seen as an Anglicism. Querido Roberto: (Dear Roberto,)Querida Ana: (Dear Ana,)Queridos Juan y Lisa: (Dear Juan and Lisa,) Note that in Spanish the masculine form, queridos, is used if the recipients include people of both sexes. However, querido is too casual for business correspondence, especially when you arent a friend of the recipient. Use estimado or estimada instead. The word literally means esteemed, but it is understood the same way as dear would be in English: Estimado Sr. Rodrà ­guez: (Dear Mr. Rodrà ­guez,)Estimada Sra. Cruz: (Dear Mrs./Ms. Cruz,)Estimada Srta. Gonzà ¡lez: (Dear Miss Gonzà ¡lez,) Spanish doesnt have a true equivalent of the English courtesy title Ms. (and in Spanish, the distinction between seà ±ora and seà ±orita, traditionally translated as Mrs. and Miss, respectively, can be one of age rather than marital status). It normally is fine to use the courtesy title of Sra. (the abbreviation for seà ±ora) if you dont know whether a female recipient of the letter is married. Good advice is to  use Sra. unless you know the woman prefers Srta. If you dont know the name of the person youre writing to, you can use the following formats: Muy seà ±or mà ­o: (Dear sir,)Estimado seà ±or: (Dear sir,)Muy seà ±ora mà ­a: (Dear madam,)Estimada seà ±ora: (Dear madam,)Muy seà ±ores mà ­os: (Dear sirs, dear sirs/madams,)Estimados seà ±ores: (Dear sirs, dear sirs/madams,) The Spanish equivalent of to whom it may concern is a quien corresponda (literally, to the one responsible). Closings to Use in Writing a Letter In English, it is common to end a letter with Sincerely. Again, Spanish offers a greater variety. Although the following closings for personal letters may sound overly affectionate to English speakers, they are quite commonly used: Un abrazo (literally, a hug)Un fuerte abrazo (literally, a strong hug)Carià ±osos saludos (roughly, kind regards)Afectuosamente (affectionately) The following are common with close friends or family members, although there are many others that can be used: Besos y abrazos (literally, kisses and hugs)Besos (literally, kisses)Con todo mi carià ±o (with all my caring)Con todo mi afecto (with all my affection) In business correspondence, the most common ending, used in much the same way as sincerely in English, is atentamente. That can also be expanded to le saluda atentamente or les saluda atentamente, depending on whether youre writing to one or more persons, respectively. A more casual ending that can be used in business letters is Cordialmente. Longer salutations include saludos cordiales and se despide cordialmente. Although this language may sound flowery to English speakers, it is not unusual in Spanish. If you are expecting a response from a business correspondent, you can close with esperando su respuesta. As is common in English, the salutation is typically followed by a comma. If youre adding a postscript (posdata in Spanish), you can use P.D. as the equivalent of P.S. Sample Personal Letter Querida Angelina: ¡Mil gracias por el regalo! Es totalmente perfecto.  ¡Fue una gran sorpresa!Eres una buena amiga. Espero que nos veamos pronto.Muchos abrazos,Julia Translation: Dear Angelina,Thanks a lot for the gift! Its totally perfect. It was quite a surprise!Youre a great friend. I hope we see each other soon.Lots of hugs,Julia Sample Business Letter Estimado Sr. Fernà ¡ndez:Gracias por la propuesta que usted y sus colegas me presentaron. Creo que es posible que los productos de su compaà ±Ãƒ ­a sean à ºtiles para minimizar nuestros costos de produccià ³n. Vamos a estudiar la propuesta meticulosamente.Espero poder darle una respuesta en un plazo de dos semanas.Atentamente,Catarina Là ³pez Translation Dear Mr. Fernà ¡ndez,Thank you for the proposal that you and your colleagues presented to me. I believe it is possible that your companys products could be useful for reducing our production costs. We are going to study the proposal thoroughly.I hope I can give you a response within two weeks.Sincerely,Catarina Là ³pez

Essay about Fifty Shades of Skin Color - 2012 Words

Clippers owner, Donald Sterling, has been caught in the act of classic racism. His personal assistant/girlfriend recorded him in his own home during a fight they were having. Sterling made the remark that she cannot bring a black person to one of his basketball games, even though she herself is African-Mexican American. Racism still exists today and will continue to exist if people like Mr. Sterling do not get the message that it is erroneous to think of another man or woman as a lesser human being because of the color of their skin. Donald says that, â€Å"People feel certain things. Hispanics feel certain things towards blacks. Blacks feel certain things towards other groups. It’s been that way historically, and it will always be that†¦show more content†¦On her death bed, Aunt Jimmy was not into voodoo nor superstitions that most African-Americans held tightly to their culture, instead the only advice she paid any attention to was when Miss Alice was readin g to her out of the Bible from the chapter of First Corinthians. Older black women like Aunt Jimmy had suffered most of their lives, but now in this old age, they were free to live the rest of their lives without misery and to show affection towards others instead of hate: Everybody in the world was in a position to give them orders†¦ The only people they need not take orders from were black children and each other. But they took all of that and re-created it in their own image. They ran the houses of white people, and knew it. They beat their children with one hand and stole for them with the other. The hands that felled trees also cut umbilical cords; the hands that wrung the necks of chickens and butchered hogs also nudged African violets into bloom; the arms that loaded sheaves, bales, and sacks rocked babies into sleep†¦ And the difference was all the difference there was. Then they were old†¦ They had given over the lives of their own children and tendered their grandchildren. With relief they wrapped their heads in rags, and their breasts in ï ¬â€šannel; eased their feet into felt. They were through with lust and lactation, beyond tears and terror. 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Fifty Years of Composing Computer Music and Graphics Essay Example For Students

Fifty Years of Composing Computer Music and Graphics Essay A partnership is developing lhai offers a special complementarity of relationship between musical and visual design With this new partnership we are learnin to compose a unique counterpoint by means of computer algorithms. I would define the algorithms that we use as the routines of computer instructions that generate co ordinated color design with musk through solid state opera tions. as a real-time event. These algorithms can be composed interactively on many of the fast personal com puters (PCs). Only recentb have computers acquired a musk and graphics-generating capability, wbkh often can lie installed in one computer instrument. This has become what we right fully may call the artists first unisersal machine: an instru ment for composing time-based audio and visual modalities. Founded upon my own vision of just such a universal machine long before the first computers, my study ofcolor in-inotion began as a search for various germinal aesthetic piini ipals directed toward develop ing a fine an that might employ that instrument. When I later gained access to computers, ms explorations of what I began to rail ‘digital harmony gradually revealed to me a world of pure fluid graphics I uncovered aesthetic concepts that suggested how differential functions within a wide variety of geometric algorithms generate order disordcr graphics in a world of abstract design in motion. A tspiral ordcr disordcr algo rithm might distribute points in a field that would appear to be scattered at random, while moments later (some computer displavs later), the points might evolve bs differ ential progression into an obvious pattern of order, form- ing. perhaps, an elegant rose curve. Order that resolves to disorder, or disorder that resolves to order and repose, is like a musical resolution. The similarities (hat these tem poral development* share with music struck me long ago (Color Ilatc Ð’ No I). Thus my concepts for a visual har mony evolved. Computer algorithms, plotted on mam one frame displavs and copied to film, h elped me clarify my ideas of orderly development. I tested and demonstrated my ideaswith a succession of complete films. Eventually. I tame to understand how an arithmetic of resonance and ratio actually embodies the architecture of musk. The dilferential arithmetic of musicits scales, in tervals and chords—could complement a graphic differen tial geometry. Visual patterns, derived from simple periodic geometry, produce order-disorder resonances in evolving actions that sometimes mimic the consonances and dis   sonanccy the tension ») dynam ics and the universal emotive powers of musical figuration, rhythm and harmony. These were summary conclusions I was able to draw from com puter filmmaking. Through mv essays and film compositions. I derived broad hypotheses about the pervasive pcriodicitv of all temporal artvisual or musicalfor mv book. Outline1 Shaping a New Foundation2 Synthesis and Genesis3 Digital Harmony4 Some General Reflections Shaping a New Foundation Note durations, the tempo of music and the timing of the sounds and silence of musical structure are overwhelmingly determined by the demands of harmony (2). Vet f hail begun to suspect that another determinant giving shape to time would soon become known. There was to be a visual structuring agent, such as the ordcr-disordcr patterns, in the audio-visual worlds of cinema and video that would shape the lime required for an action to lake place in space. Indeed, for an action to piocred from here to there (or to proceed from order to disorder to order), time must pass. Whether quick or slow, action, as well as hannonv, deter mines much of the shape of my own audio-visual work today. Action itself has an impact on emotions. Fluid, orderly action generates or resolves tensions much in the manner that orderly sequences of resonant tonal harmonv have an impait on emotion and feeling Dancers know this. The conductors gestures implv something ol this sort. Creative work with computers soon demonstrated that the smallest basic, quantifiable units of construction for my computer art are the pixel point of color and the pure audio sine wave. I learned that the basic musical unit is no longer the single acoustic tone as produced bv any of the wide   family of acoustic musical instruments or the human voice. Natural forces construc t tones out of sine waves. How ever. a new world of non-acoustic (i.e electronically generated and pat terned) musical tones, tonal complexes and textures also flows from complex or simple sine-wave constructs gene rated bv computer algorithms. Nor is llie basic visual element a gestalt or visual symbol like the letters of the al phabet I found that with pixels, one constructs a liquid plasma of graphic architecture in an unprecedented tem poral domain formerly belonging ex clusively to musical architecture. Sine wave and pixel can he used to generate resonant structures, with hoth element* contributing essential constructive parts to a greater whole. The mathematical processes driving and shaping these rev onant visual constructs, as well as the intnguingly similar mathematical pro cesses shaping tonal constructs, seemed to provide the foundation for what was to become a truly audio-visual art. Synthesis and Genesis Assuming such a basic foundation, we may compare two terms belonging to electronic music jatgon: synthesis and genesis. My studies suggested that when composing music bv computer one should stress basic algorithmic or generative processes. The elemental* pixel and sine wave can be con structed fioin the ground up, so to speak, into dynamic visual patterns as well as melodic patterns of unique new timbres and actions, each by its own respective assorted algorithms in vented and applied by the composer. Heretofore, we viewed each of the classical acoustic musical instruments, figuratively, as its own algorithm producing characteristic. Itardb alter able timbre. Now. as one explores the diversity of possible computer al gorithms. one finds a veritable Ein steinian conceptual universe of tonal relativity—an unprecedented universe of relative pitch, relative time and rela tive timbre Here is a fresh domain for generating continuously variable tonal pattern and texture. The Perspective Construction of Masaccio's "Trinity" Fresco and Medieval Astronomical Graphics EssayThe per forming genius can take apatt these rapid action patients one at a time, step by step, in order to pause, reflect, then reassemble them with only the slightest modification, inching toward the ulti mate performance. Time stored in dig ital mentors becomes a malleable mate rial. perhaps, in this tense. This singular fact, above all others the new physical uactubilily ol time has significantly changed musical per spectives. This is what I sought to understand and to control. On film, lime is fixed into the silver image. But in digital computer memory, utne bfreely alterable and permanently storable. With access to this new dimension of time, a few composers will sureb elect to set aside their heretofore cherished and essential musicianship and the en semble members with whom they per formed. Thev will join tanks with the large community of painters and sculp tors wliuse work re sts in their own hands, whose wiork is subject to the most subtle personal manipulations, and whose work is final—unchallenged by any form of subsequent interpretation. Since, however, argument over the relationship ol art to newlv developing instrumentation is an ongoing subject of no slight controversy. I can provide (hisconcluding anecdote: With two homemade devices simple sine wave pendulum arrav and an optical-printer instrument my bro ther James and I composed our first modes* international success in the rati fied avant-garde of MTV (5). Wr were awarded firs prize at Belgiums First International Experi mental Film Competition Ihi early triumph implanted in our minds an urgent, lifelong drive to gam access to a perfected facility that would provide music and graphics capabilities unified within one instrument. All this began at least SO years before computer technology would allow us to realize this drram. In 1959 I wrote a description of our pendulum and optical-printer methods and theories of composition for Karl heinz Stockhausen’ » journal of elec tronic musk Die Hfthr, Vol. 7 (61. Volume 1 of Ihr Rriht included an ar ticle by Pierre Boulez in which he raised the question. Is a concert hall really necessary when the performing artist has been eliminated? .As long ag o as the I9MH. when electronk music was created bv spiking magnetic tape seg ments, many were skrptkal about bothering to enter a concert hall to hear music played over bland loud speakers. Boulez appropriates asked. â€Å"Is it not necessary then to find new conditions for listening or are we to contemplate the reuniting of this ‘arti ficial’ music with a ‘visual double (7)   Reading Boulezs opinions in the late 1950s. I remember asking myself, Why would anyone question if this clrrtronic music should have a visual double?† Today the answer is even more obvious, unless it be to prcseive traditions of black tie and tails, earnest electronic composers hardly need to reinvent either violin or concert hall. But composers who elect to deal fully and correctly with computational elec tronics simph must, in my view, invent that ‘visual double. In the 1940s and 1950s mv brother and I were possessed of a benign obses sion to combine ‘artificial’ music with a ‘visual double’ We continued to search for new formal structures and appro priate universal instrumentation. We had conceived an indelible dream of aural-vivualiiv within a new art form. Privately. I envied Domenico Scar latti and Antonio Solar, who. by virtue of roval generosity or through a Popes large », seemed to have been provided tile instruments and the patronage with which to compose hundreds and hundreds of simple essays exploring a keyboard sonata form that was largely of their own invention (Scatlatii called them ‘exercisesa term that my bro ther and I adopted for our Five Abstract Film Exercises) The seemingly bliss ful continuity of their lifelong creativity was exactly what my brother and I longed to emulate. Would that we hail had such a gift of insti uincntation! And yet, it is here at last. My compositions at best are in tended to point a way toward future developments in the aits. Above all. I want to demonstrate that electronic music and electronic color-in-action combine to make an inseparable whole that is much greater than its parts.